Smart guide to chemistry /
Nordstrom, Brian.
Smart guide to chemistry / Chemistry - Second edition. - xvi, 385 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm. - Smart guide to . - Smart guide series (Norman, Okla.) .
Includes index.
pt. I. The nature of matter -- 1. The wonderful world of atoms and molecules -- What is chemistry -- Analytical chemists -- Organic chemists -- Biochemists -- Inorganic chemists -- Physical chemists -- Nuclear chemists -- Chemical engineers -- Educational requirements to be a chemists -- Chemistry as a human enterprise -- 2. A brief history of chemistry -- Early chemistry in ancient civilizations -- Alchemy during the Middle Ages -- The chemical revolutions of the Eighteenth Century -- Phlogiston -- Development of modern chemistry during the Nineteenth Century -- Modern atomic theory -- The Periodic Table -- Organic compounds -- Thermochemistry and chemical kinetics -- The discovery of radioactivity -- Chemistry in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries -- Quantum theory -- Chemical bonds -- Discovery of fission and fusion -- Elements beyond uranium -- Chemistry and biology -- Chemistry beyond Earth -- 3. The language of science -- Scientific notation -- Units and their abbreviations -- The International System (SI) of Units -- Metric prefixes -- Derived units -- Nonmetric units -- Temperature scales -- Absolute temperature scales -- Absolute zero -- 4. Elements and compounds -- The composition of atoms -- Chemical elements -- Allotropes -- Isotopes -- Chemical compounds -- Isomers -- 5. Mixtures of substances -- Mixtures and their properties -- Ways to separate the components of mixtures -- The variety of solutions -- Units of concentration for solutions -- Percent by weight -- Percent by volume -- Molarity -- Mole fraction -- Molality -- 6. Names and formulas of chemical compounds -- Ionic and molecular compounds -- Positive ions -- The Stock system -- Positive ions that do not contain a metal -- Negative ions -- Simple negative ions -- Complex negative ions -- Phosphate ions -- Halogen ions -- Formulas of ionic compounds -- Naming molecular compounds -- A question about +4 ions -- Trisodium phosphate -- pt. II. The transformations of matter -- 7. Chemical reactions -- The Law of Conservation of Mass -- Writing equations for chemical reactions -- Examples of chemical reactions -- Reactions in gas phase -- Reactions in aqueous solution -- Precipitation reactions -- Conservation of charge -- Acid-base reactions -- Other chemical reactions -- Stoichiometry of chemical reactions -- Molecular weight -- Calculating mass of a product in a chemical reaction -- 8. Precipitations reactions -- Solubility rules -- Precipitation reactions -- Total molecular equations -- Total ionic equations -- Net ionic equations -- Spectator ions -- More examples of net ionic equations -- 9. Acids and bases -- Definitions of acid and bases -- The Arrhenius definition -- The Br�onsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases -- Bases -- Strengths of acids and bases -- Neutralization reactions -- Conjugate acid-base pairs -- The pH scale -- 10. Oxidation-reduction reactions -- Rules for assigning oxidation numbers -- combustion reactions -- The activity series of the metals -- Corrosion -- Photosynthesis and respiration -- 11. Electrochemical processes -- Galvanic cells -- The standard hydrogen potential -- Standard potentials -- Commercial batteries -- Ohm's Law -- Electrolytic cells -- 12. Energy and chemical reactions -- A brief history of energy -- Energy and work -- Kinetic energy -- Gravitational potential energy -- Thermal energy -- Chemical energy -- Radiant energy -- Electrical energy -- Nuclear energy -- Work -- Special kinds of processes -- The Law of Conservation of Energy -- Examples of different kinds of work and heat exchanges -- Automobile engines -- Atmospheric temperature lapse rate -- Phase changes -- 13. Radioactive processes and applications -- Symbols used in nuclear reactions -- Other particles besides atomic nuclei -- Radioactive decay -- Alpha decay -- Beta decay -- Gamma decay -- Half-life -- Equation for radioactive decay -- Applications of radionuclides in science -- Carbon dating -- Uranium and thorium dating -- Applications of radionuclides in medicine -- Using radioactive substances to diagnose disease -- Using radiation therapy to treat disease -- 14. Nuclear reactions and applications -- Transmutation reactions -- Nuclear fission -- The aftermath of Fukushima -- Nuclear fusion -- Production of superheavy elements -- pt. III. The organization of matter -- 15. The periodic table of the elements -- Families of elements -- Properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids -- The discovery and naming of elements -- How elements are named -- Relative abundance of elements -- The not-so-rare earths -- Relative abundance of elements in the human body -- The transuranium elements -- The future of the periodic table -- 16. Early models of the atom -- Democritus and the ancient Greeks -- John Dalton, the father of modern atomic theory -- Conservation of mass -- Dalton's model of the atom -- Classical physics in the 1800s -- Henri Becquerel and the discovery of radioactivity -- J.J. Thomson and the discovery of the electron -- Thomson's model of the atom -- Ernest Rutherford and the discovery of the nucleus -- The gold foil experiment -- The nuclear model of the atom -- 17. Modern models of the atom -- Niels Bohr and the planetary model of the atom -- Quantum theory -- Louis de Broglie and the wave nature of matter -- The quantum mechanical model of the atom -- Quantum numbers -- The relationship between quantum numbers and the arrangement of electrons -- The Pauli exclusion principle -- The Aufbau principle -- Hund's rule -- electronic configurations -- Energy level diagrams -- 18. The periodic properties of elements -- Families of elements -- the alkali metals -- The alkaline earths -- Trends in sizes of atoms in the periodic table -- Trends in sizes of ions -- Nonmetals -- Trends in ionization energies -- Trends in electron affinities -- Trends in electronegativities -- Trends in melting points of metals -- pt. IV. The states of matter -- 19. The nature of the chemical bond -- The nature of stored energy -- The positive and negative of electrostatic forces -- Ionic bonds : transferring electrons -- Covalent bonds : sharing electrons -- Lewis electron dot structures -- Electronegativity -- Polar covalent bonds -- Nonpolar covalent bonds -- 20. Shapes of molecules -- Lewis electron dot structures for molecules -- Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory -- Polar and nonpolar molecules -- Intermolecular forces -- Dipole-dipole forces -- Hydrogen bonding -- London forces -- Resonance structures -- Expanded octets -- Hybrid orbitals -- Shapes of larger molecules -- 21. The properties of gases -- Boyle's Law -- Charles's Law -- The need for an absolute temperature scale -- Avogadro's Law -- The Ideal Gas Law -- Kinetic theory of gases -- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures -- Graham's Law of Effusion -- 22. Solutions and how we describe them -- Solutions : solutes and solvents -- Solutions : aquatic environments -- Solutions : the atmosphere -- Other kinds of solutions -- Saturated solutions -- 23. Physical properties of solutions -- The effect of polarity on solubility -- Mixing polar and nonpolar substances -- Mixing two polar substances -- Mixing two nonpolar substances -- The effect of temperature on solubility -- Dissolving solids in liquids -- Dissolving gases in liquids -- The effect of pressure on solubility -- Henry's Law -- The effect on the vapor pressure of a liquid when a solute is added -- The effect on the freezing point of a liquid when a solute is added -- The effect on the boiling point of a liquid when a solute is added -- 24. The chemistry of water -- The shape of a water molecule -- The many effects of hydrogen bonding -- Ice floats -- Capillary action -- Rate of evaporation -- Vapor pressure of water -- Water's specific heat -- Latent heats of fusion and vaporization -- Surface tension -- The shape of snowflakes -- the discovery of water's true nature -- Heavy water -- Water as a solvent -- Aquatic ecosystems -- pt. V. Chemistry in the environment -- 25. Chemical kinetics -- Collision theory and the three conditions for products to form -- chemical reactions and transition state theory -- The five factors that affect the rate of a chemical reactions -- The rates of reaction depend on the nature of the reactants -- The rates of reaction depend on the surface area of solids -- The effect of concentration -- The effect of temperature -- Chemical reactions take place more quickly in the presence of a catalyst -- 26. The composition of the atmosphere -- The relative concentration of gases found in the atmosphere -- Regions of the atmosphere -- chemistry of Earth's unique atmosphere -- Nitrogen -- Oxygen -- Argon -- Carbon Dioxide -- Other gases -- 27. The chemistry of acid rain -- The role of CO2 in aquatic ecosystems -- Characteristics of acid rain -- Natural sources of sulfuric acid -- Natural sources of nitric acid -- anthropogenic sources of H2SO4 and HNO3 -- The regions of North America most affected by acid rain -- The harmful effects of acid rain -- Mitigating the effects of acid rain or preventing its formations -- 28. The chemistry of ozone -- The chemistry of ozone in the troposphere -- Pollution of the air we breathe -- The daily cycle of air pollution -- Enter the Clean Air Act -- Getting the lead out while we are at it -- Ozone in the stratosphere -- Catalyst that destroy stratospheric ozone -- Oxides of nitrogen -- Chlorine -- The hole over Antarctica -- 29. Global climate change -- The changing climate -- The natural balance of heat on Earth -- The greenhouse effect -- The Goldilocks effect -- Greenhouse gases -- The effect of the combustion of fossil fuels -- Expected effects of global climate change -- pt. VI. The basis of life -- 30. The world of carbon -- Structural formulas of molecules -- Characteristics of functional groups -- Counting in Greek -- Alkanes -- Saturated hydrocarbons -- Properties of alkanes -- Cycloalkanes -- Alkenes -- Alkynes -- Aromatic compounds -- The stability of benzene -- Derivatives of benzene -- Phenols -- Toluene -- Alcohols -- Methanol -- Ethanol -- Isopropyl alcohol -- Ethers -- Compounds containing a carbonyl group -- Carboxylic acids -- Esters -- Compounds that contain nitrogen -- 31. The chemistry of life -- Carbohydrates aka saccharides -- Sugars -- Starch and cellulose -- Photosynthesis -- Lipids -- Fatty acids -- Steroids -- Proteins -- Amino acids -- Essential amino acids -- How protein molecules are formed -- Enzymes -- Nucleic acids -- Nitrogenous bases -- The role of RNA -- The question of the origin of life -- 32. What's on your dining table? -- Transgenic crops -- How genetic engineering works -- The research effort -- Feeding 7 million people -- Fertilizers -- Pesticides -- One solution : genetic engineering -- Meeting the world's demand for more food -- Vegetable oils -- Tomatoes -- Soybeans -- Rice -- Corn -- Potatoes -- Papaya -- Sugar beets -- GMOs in animals -- To GMO or not to GMO -- 33. What's in your medicine cabinet? -- Genetically engineered food versus genetically engineered drugs -- Infectious disease -- Early vaccines -- Smallpox vaccine -- Rabies vaccine -- Polio vaccine -- Genetically engineered drugs -- Insulin -- Antibiotics -- Anticoagulants -- Interleukins -- Interferons -- HIV/AIDS -- Malaria -- Lyme disease -- Tuberculosis -- Hepatitis B.
9781937636623 1937636623
Chemistry.
QD31.3 / .N67 2014
540
Smart guide to chemistry / Chemistry - Second edition. - xvi, 385 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm. - Smart guide to . - Smart guide series (Norman, Okla.) .
Includes index.
pt. I. The nature of matter -- 1. The wonderful world of atoms and molecules -- What is chemistry -- Analytical chemists -- Organic chemists -- Biochemists -- Inorganic chemists -- Physical chemists -- Nuclear chemists -- Chemical engineers -- Educational requirements to be a chemists -- Chemistry as a human enterprise -- 2. A brief history of chemistry -- Early chemistry in ancient civilizations -- Alchemy during the Middle Ages -- The chemical revolutions of the Eighteenth Century -- Phlogiston -- Development of modern chemistry during the Nineteenth Century -- Modern atomic theory -- The Periodic Table -- Organic compounds -- Thermochemistry and chemical kinetics -- The discovery of radioactivity -- Chemistry in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries -- Quantum theory -- Chemical bonds -- Discovery of fission and fusion -- Elements beyond uranium -- Chemistry and biology -- Chemistry beyond Earth -- 3. The language of science -- Scientific notation -- Units and their abbreviations -- The International System (SI) of Units -- Metric prefixes -- Derived units -- Nonmetric units -- Temperature scales -- Absolute temperature scales -- Absolute zero -- 4. Elements and compounds -- The composition of atoms -- Chemical elements -- Allotropes -- Isotopes -- Chemical compounds -- Isomers -- 5. Mixtures of substances -- Mixtures and their properties -- Ways to separate the components of mixtures -- The variety of solutions -- Units of concentration for solutions -- Percent by weight -- Percent by volume -- Molarity -- Mole fraction -- Molality -- 6. Names and formulas of chemical compounds -- Ionic and molecular compounds -- Positive ions -- The Stock system -- Positive ions that do not contain a metal -- Negative ions -- Simple negative ions -- Complex negative ions -- Phosphate ions -- Halogen ions -- Formulas of ionic compounds -- Naming molecular compounds -- A question about +4 ions -- Trisodium phosphate -- pt. II. The transformations of matter -- 7. Chemical reactions -- The Law of Conservation of Mass -- Writing equations for chemical reactions -- Examples of chemical reactions -- Reactions in gas phase -- Reactions in aqueous solution -- Precipitation reactions -- Conservation of charge -- Acid-base reactions -- Other chemical reactions -- Stoichiometry of chemical reactions -- Molecular weight -- Calculating mass of a product in a chemical reaction -- 8. Precipitations reactions -- Solubility rules -- Precipitation reactions -- Total molecular equations -- Total ionic equations -- Net ionic equations -- Spectator ions -- More examples of net ionic equations -- 9. Acids and bases -- Definitions of acid and bases -- The Arrhenius definition -- The Br�onsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases -- Bases -- Strengths of acids and bases -- Neutralization reactions -- Conjugate acid-base pairs -- The pH scale -- 10. Oxidation-reduction reactions -- Rules for assigning oxidation numbers -- combustion reactions -- The activity series of the metals -- Corrosion -- Photosynthesis and respiration -- 11. Electrochemical processes -- Galvanic cells -- The standard hydrogen potential -- Standard potentials -- Commercial batteries -- Ohm's Law -- Electrolytic cells -- 12. Energy and chemical reactions -- A brief history of energy -- Energy and work -- Kinetic energy -- Gravitational potential energy -- Thermal energy -- Chemical energy -- Radiant energy -- Electrical energy -- Nuclear energy -- Work -- Special kinds of processes -- The Law of Conservation of Energy -- Examples of different kinds of work and heat exchanges -- Automobile engines -- Atmospheric temperature lapse rate -- Phase changes -- 13. Radioactive processes and applications -- Symbols used in nuclear reactions -- Other particles besides atomic nuclei -- Radioactive decay -- Alpha decay -- Beta decay -- Gamma decay -- Half-life -- Equation for radioactive decay -- Applications of radionuclides in science -- Carbon dating -- Uranium and thorium dating -- Applications of radionuclides in medicine -- Using radioactive substances to diagnose disease -- Using radiation therapy to treat disease -- 14. Nuclear reactions and applications -- Transmutation reactions -- Nuclear fission -- The aftermath of Fukushima -- Nuclear fusion -- Production of superheavy elements -- pt. III. The organization of matter -- 15. The periodic table of the elements -- Families of elements -- Properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids -- The discovery and naming of elements -- How elements are named -- Relative abundance of elements -- The not-so-rare earths -- Relative abundance of elements in the human body -- The transuranium elements -- The future of the periodic table -- 16. Early models of the atom -- Democritus and the ancient Greeks -- John Dalton, the father of modern atomic theory -- Conservation of mass -- Dalton's model of the atom -- Classical physics in the 1800s -- Henri Becquerel and the discovery of radioactivity -- J.J. Thomson and the discovery of the electron -- Thomson's model of the atom -- Ernest Rutherford and the discovery of the nucleus -- The gold foil experiment -- The nuclear model of the atom -- 17. Modern models of the atom -- Niels Bohr and the planetary model of the atom -- Quantum theory -- Louis de Broglie and the wave nature of matter -- The quantum mechanical model of the atom -- Quantum numbers -- The relationship between quantum numbers and the arrangement of electrons -- The Pauli exclusion principle -- The Aufbau principle -- Hund's rule -- electronic configurations -- Energy level diagrams -- 18. The periodic properties of elements -- Families of elements -- the alkali metals -- The alkaline earths -- Trends in sizes of atoms in the periodic table -- Trends in sizes of ions -- Nonmetals -- Trends in ionization energies -- Trends in electron affinities -- Trends in electronegativities -- Trends in melting points of metals -- pt. IV. The states of matter -- 19. The nature of the chemical bond -- The nature of stored energy -- The positive and negative of electrostatic forces -- Ionic bonds : transferring electrons -- Covalent bonds : sharing electrons -- Lewis electron dot structures -- Electronegativity -- Polar covalent bonds -- Nonpolar covalent bonds -- 20. Shapes of molecules -- Lewis electron dot structures for molecules -- Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory -- Polar and nonpolar molecules -- Intermolecular forces -- Dipole-dipole forces -- Hydrogen bonding -- London forces -- Resonance structures -- Expanded octets -- Hybrid orbitals -- Shapes of larger molecules -- 21. The properties of gases -- Boyle's Law -- Charles's Law -- The need for an absolute temperature scale -- Avogadro's Law -- The Ideal Gas Law -- Kinetic theory of gases -- Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures -- Graham's Law of Effusion -- 22. Solutions and how we describe them -- Solutions : solutes and solvents -- Solutions : aquatic environments -- Solutions : the atmosphere -- Other kinds of solutions -- Saturated solutions -- 23. Physical properties of solutions -- The effect of polarity on solubility -- Mixing polar and nonpolar substances -- Mixing two polar substances -- Mixing two nonpolar substances -- The effect of temperature on solubility -- Dissolving solids in liquids -- Dissolving gases in liquids -- The effect of pressure on solubility -- Henry's Law -- The effect on the vapor pressure of a liquid when a solute is added -- The effect on the freezing point of a liquid when a solute is added -- The effect on the boiling point of a liquid when a solute is added -- 24. The chemistry of water -- The shape of a water molecule -- The many effects of hydrogen bonding -- Ice floats -- Capillary action -- Rate of evaporation -- Vapor pressure of water -- Water's specific heat -- Latent heats of fusion and vaporization -- Surface tension -- The shape of snowflakes -- the discovery of water's true nature -- Heavy water -- Water as a solvent -- Aquatic ecosystems -- pt. V. Chemistry in the environment -- 25. Chemical kinetics -- Collision theory and the three conditions for products to form -- chemical reactions and transition state theory -- The five factors that affect the rate of a chemical reactions -- The rates of reaction depend on the nature of the reactants -- The rates of reaction depend on the surface area of solids -- The effect of concentration -- The effect of temperature -- Chemical reactions take place more quickly in the presence of a catalyst -- 26. The composition of the atmosphere -- The relative concentration of gases found in the atmosphere -- Regions of the atmosphere -- chemistry of Earth's unique atmosphere -- Nitrogen -- Oxygen -- Argon -- Carbon Dioxide -- Other gases -- 27. The chemistry of acid rain -- The role of CO2 in aquatic ecosystems -- Characteristics of acid rain -- Natural sources of sulfuric acid -- Natural sources of nitric acid -- anthropogenic sources of H2SO4 and HNO3 -- The regions of North America most affected by acid rain -- The harmful effects of acid rain -- Mitigating the effects of acid rain or preventing its formations -- 28. The chemistry of ozone -- The chemistry of ozone in the troposphere -- Pollution of the air we breathe -- The daily cycle of air pollution -- Enter the Clean Air Act -- Getting the lead out while we are at it -- Ozone in the stratosphere -- Catalyst that destroy stratospheric ozone -- Oxides of nitrogen -- Chlorine -- The hole over Antarctica -- 29. Global climate change -- The changing climate -- The natural balance of heat on Earth -- The greenhouse effect -- The Goldilocks effect -- Greenhouse gases -- The effect of the combustion of fossil fuels -- Expected effects of global climate change -- pt. VI. The basis of life -- 30. The world of carbon -- Structural formulas of molecules -- Characteristics of functional groups -- Counting in Greek -- Alkanes -- Saturated hydrocarbons -- Properties of alkanes -- Cycloalkanes -- Alkenes -- Alkynes -- Aromatic compounds -- The stability of benzene -- Derivatives of benzene -- Phenols -- Toluene -- Alcohols -- Methanol -- Ethanol -- Isopropyl alcohol -- Ethers -- Compounds containing a carbonyl group -- Carboxylic acids -- Esters -- Compounds that contain nitrogen -- 31. The chemistry of life -- Carbohydrates aka saccharides -- Sugars -- Starch and cellulose -- Photosynthesis -- Lipids -- Fatty acids -- Steroids -- Proteins -- Amino acids -- Essential amino acids -- How protein molecules are formed -- Enzymes -- Nucleic acids -- Nitrogenous bases -- The role of RNA -- The question of the origin of life -- 32. What's on your dining table? -- Transgenic crops -- How genetic engineering works -- The research effort -- Feeding 7 million people -- Fertilizers -- Pesticides -- One solution : genetic engineering -- Meeting the world's demand for more food -- Vegetable oils -- Tomatoes -- Soybeans -- Rice -- Corn -- Potatoes -- Papaya -- Sugar beets -- GMOs in animals -- To GMO or not to GMO -- 33. What's in your medicine cabinet? -- Genetically engineered food versus genetically engineered drugs -- Infectious disease -- Early vaccines -- Smallpox vaccine -- Rabies vaccine -- Polio vaccine -- Genetically engineered drugs -- Insulin -- Antibiotics -- Anticoagulants -- Interleukins -- Interferons -- HIV/AIDS -- Malaria -- Lyme disease -- Tuberculosis -- Hepatitis B.
9781937636623 1937636623
Chemistry.
QD31.3 / .N67 2014
540